这一年，全球第一大货物贸易国的进出口商品都有啥？有多少装进了消费者的购物车？未来进出口还将如何影响百姓生活？
看进口 美好生活“载满”购物车
临近年关，位于北京市朝阳区的一座商城人气比平日更旺。商城一层临时搭起“一带一路”商品集市，吸引许多老老少少前来围观。挤进人群中一看，有东南亚的蜜饯果脯、日韩的干果小吃、哈萨克斯坦的手工编织品，还有不同国家和地区的水晶、珍珠等各式珠宝首饰……都是中国人钟爱的年货。
不论线上线下，进口“洋货”越来越成为中国人年货“购物车”里的重要角色。2019年，中国进口商品都有啥？少不了为中国家庭美好生活添彩的好东西。
——遍赏全球美味。车厘子、牛油果、大龙虾、帝王蟹……当下这些高人气的爆品，还只是进口食品火热行情的一角。《2019中国进口食品行业报告》显示，中国进口食品来源地达185个，进口食品市场零售规模已超万亿元，水海产品及制品、肉类及制品、乳品进口额纷纷突破百亿美元规模。增长势头目前仍然强劲，2019年水果、水海产品进口大幅增长，分别达到39.8%和37.6%。肉类更是需求旺盛，全年进口猪肉210.8万吨，增加75%；进口牛肉165.9万吨，增加59.7%。
——乐享品质科技。高科技、创新力强的产品越来越成为进口格局中的“黑马”。就2019年前三季度表现来说，海关总署统计分析司司长李魁文曾表示，中国进口高新技术产品达3.26万亿元，增长14.8%，更好地支持了国内创新发展。放眼全年，在电动载人汽车、消费品方面体现明显。2019年，电动载人汽车进口增长1.2倍，消费品进口增长19%，其中化妆品进口增幅达到38.8%。
——进口助力民生。2019年底，河南郑州药品进口口岸正式获批，此举为河南再添一个功能性口岸，更多进口药品将以更快的时效、更低的价格抵达有需求的患者手中。进口药进医保、部分原料零关税，为大量民生产品的进口打开“绿色通道”。2019年，人用疫苗进口增长近90%，医药品进口增长25.8%。
“去年我们成功举办了第二届进博会，下调进口环节增值税税率，取消部分药品进口关税，积极扩大消费品进口，丰富了国内商品供给，更好地满足人民日益增长的对美好生活的需要。”海关总署副署长邹志武说，中国巨大的消费市场对消费品进口增长起到非常大的拉动作用。
看出口 国际竞争优势正爬坡
随着国内市场潜力逐步释放，进口态势可观，而随着中国企业转型升级步伐加快，出口也呈现新的亮点。
从数量看，出口数值为17.23万亿元，增长5%，规模不断扩大；从质量看，国际竞争优势显著提高。“2019年我国出口商品价格指数上涨2.8%，进口商品价格指数上涨1.4%，贸易条件指数是101.4，说明我们出口同样多的商品可以换回更多的商品。从这个角度来讲，我们的竞争优势进一步提高。”邹志武说。
这样的竞争优势还体现在许多方面——
全球市场份额更大。作为重要的圣诞用品集货市场，去年底的圣诞节，浙江义乌小商品市场再次火了一把。据海关统计，2019年前11个月，中国出口圣诞用品357.3亿元，同比增长32.6%。近三年中国圣诞用品出口占全球出口比重始终保持在8成左右。
看似不起眼的商品背后，积聚着外贸的大能量。类似例子还有不少，根据WTO最新数据测算，2019年前9月，中国机电类产品、劳动密集类产品在全球市场份额分别提高0.2和0.9个百分点。
产品附加值更高。当今中国的出口格局里，已经不仅仅是玩具、服装等传统产品，一些附加值高的产品出口也保持良好增长态势。比如，去年中国集成电路出口增长25.3%，半导体器件出口增长26.3%，太阳能(3.650, -0.04, -1.08%)电池出口增长47.5%，金属加工机床增长近15%。
出口成绩背后，是一批企业抢抓创新和质量。几个月前，山东德州一家新能源科技公司生产的太阳能电池拿到了国际光伏产业最严苛的欧洲TUV资质认证。公司负责人说：“拿到了这个认证，就相当于拿到了欧洲市场的通行证。前三季度，我们企业出口欧洲同比增长了50%以上。”
自主品牌效应更明显。随着技术、工艺的提升，许多中国企业也在国际市场上开拓自主品牌之路。一家食品企业负责人向记者介绍，过去公司生产的大量产品为OEM（代工生产），跟上游品牌端相比附加值低。但实际上经过多年经验积累，公司已经掌握了必备的生产技术和工艺。“近年来公司正着力打造自己的出口品牌，这也是增强外贸实力的重要一步。”
许多中国企业已经在同一方向发力，中国海关数据显示，出口品牌建设成效比较显著，去年自主品牌商品出口2.9万亿元，增长12%，占出口总值近17%，比2018年提升了1.1个百分点。
看趋势 环境复杂但利好因素多
回看2019年，中国进出口可圈可点。但这一年外贸发展的外部环境其实并不乐观，加上世界经济增长持续放缓，国内外风险挑战明显上升。外贸何以能保持稳中有进？
——国内经济稳。中国经济稳中向好、长期向好的基本趋势没有改变。从全年经济数据来看，主要指标保持稳定，全年国内生产总值仍保持较快增长，增速明显领先于世界其他主要经济体。邹志武说，改革开放以来积累的雄厚物质技术基础、超大规模的市场优势和内需潜力、国内经济的稳定表现为外贸增长奠定了坚实基础。
——经济韧性强。中国经济强大的韧性、潜力和回旋空间在外贸领域同样具备。中国有数量庞大的外贸企业，去年有实际进出口活动的外贸企业达到49.9万家，尤其是生产经营更加灵活的民营企业，释放出更强的外贸发展活力。2019年，民营企业首次超过外资企业成为最大的外贸主体，其中出口占比超过50%。与此同时，贸易伙伴遍布全球、多点开花。2019年中国对 “一带一路”沿线国家和非洲、拉丁美洲等新兴经济市场进出口分别增长了10.8%、6.8%和8%。
——政策效应显。2018年以来，中国出台了一系列稳外贸、稳外资政策措施。今年1月1日起，中国再次对850余项商品实行进口暂定税率，与去年同期相比增长超过20%。有关机构依据2018年中国进口商品结构进行测算后发现，此次降关税，77%的商品降低1—5个百分点，有180多种产品实现零关税，国内外企业迎来更多产业合作的机遇。
对2020年的外贸形势，不少机构提出预警：当前世界经济增长持续放缓，仍处在国际金融危机后的深度调整期，全球经济不确定性和风险挑战明显增多，外贸发展面临的外部环境依旧严峻复杂。但国内供给侧结构性改革、“六稳”政策落地、营商环境改善、市场主体活力增强等诸多利好也给市场带来信心。“预计2020年中国外贸有望继续保持总体平稳增长态势，高质量发展将迈上新的台阶。”邹志武说。
声音
2019年中国外贸的表现可谓非常出色。纵向来看，在2018年高基数之上，2019年进出口规模再创新高，并且在结构上实现持续优化，实属不易。横向来看，在全球经济低迷、需求不振的情况下，中国出口增速高于全球各主要经济体整体水平，充分显示了中国外贸强劲的韧性。中国民营企业出口占比超过半壁江山，我们的出口将更加稳定，高质量发展底气更加充足。
——商务部研究院外贸所所长梁明
2019年民营企业进出口、出口、进口的实际新增额都大于全国的进出口、出口、进口实际新增额，2019年的全国外贸实际新增量主要是民营企业增长带来的。2019年民营企业贸易顺差同比增加了0.67万亿元，可以说，正是因为民营企业贸易顺差实现较大增长，为中国外贸保持顺差增长提供了重要支撑，对稳定市场总需求增长作出了积极贡献。
自2019年4月起，IWORKU将陆续推出针对不同产品的全球贸易趋势分析，旨在帮助出口企业掌握最新贸易趋势和竞争环境，洞察商业机会。
1
全球石墨资源生产和分布现状
石墨不仅具有非金属矿物的一般性能，而且又能兼有金属和有机塑料的某些特性，是一种用途广泛而且特殊的非金属矿物原料；同时，也是现代工业、军工产业及高新技术产业等发展中，不可或缺的重要战略资源。
石墨这一产品的海关编码为250410，意为粉末或分片天然石墨（Natural graphite in powder or in flakes）。其下分类有三，分别为磷片天然石墨（25041010）、球化石墨（25041091）和其他粉末或粉片天然石墨（25041099）。
全球主要石墨生产国石墨资源储量和产量）
石墨资源分布虽然比较广泛，但是具有工业利用规模的矿床并不多。晶质石墨类资源储量较高的几个国家为：中国、斯里兰卡、马达加斯加、巴西、加拿大、俄罗斯等，其中斯里兰卡盛产高品位的致密块状石墨，马达加斯加则盛产大鳞片石墨；隐晶质石墨类资源储量丰富的国家有：印度、韩国、朝鲜、墨西哥和奥地利等。多数国家只产一种石墨，矿床规模以中、小型居多，晶质和隐晶质石墨都有产出只有中国等五个国家。
2
全球石墨进出口状况
2018年全球石墨进口总量66万余吨，进口总贸易额达到6.22亿美元，贸易额同比17年增长34%，比14-18年增长7%。
2018年石墨主要进口国根据进口贸易额排名前五位分别为：日本、韩国、美国、德国和中国。日本以78,307吨进口量，1.27亿美元排名第一，且同比17年进口贸易额增长了43%，日本是世界石墨第一大进口国，也是主要石墨消费国之一。中国虽排名第5，但进口总量却是前五中最多的，达到了108,222吨，进口单价为$512/吨（排名前二的日本和韩国的进口单价分别是$1,633/吨和$1,392/吨）
根据数据显示，2018年全球石墨贸易进口增长显著的国家有中国、韩国、日本和印度。
（2018年全球石墨主要出口国）
2018年全球石墨出口贸易额达到5.6亿，主要出口国有中国、朝鲜、巴西、德国和美国等。中国是全球石墨第一大出口国，在全球石墨出口市场占据大部分市场份额，年增长32%，全球市场占比高达61.9%。美国和德国等国家也有一定数量的出口，但考虑到这些国家没有石墨矿山生产，其出口应是进口原料进一步加工后的产品二次出口。
3
中国石墨进出口贸易状况
我国石墨资源丰富，晶质石墨和隐晶质石墨在全国均有分布，现在已经形成了黑龙江萝北、鸡西、山东平度、内蒙古兴和等四个晶质石墨开发基地和吉林磐石、湖南鲁塘等两个隐晶质石墨基地。此外，近几年，我国在内蒙古阿拉善、巴音淖尔、四川攀枝花、湖北宜昌等地发现了晶质石墨矿，在福建永安发现了隐晶质石墨矿，其中，四川攀枝花石墨矿紧邻攀西产高技术产业园，引进了中国建材集团进行开发，有望在未来成为新的石墨生产加工基地。
（2018年中国石墨进口贸易伙伴）
（2018年中国石墨出口贸易伙伴）
我国石墨现在的资源形势总体较好。石墨供应方面近十年较为平稳。进出口方面，进口价格总体下降，出口价格持续上升，近十年无论是石墨初级加工品还是高级加工品都有了一定的进步。
我国既是石墨资源大国，也是石墨资源消费大国，石墨加工技术在快速提高。过高的石墨价格不利于下游企业的发展，且石墨本身具有替代品，下游企业在石墨价格过高时转向使用替代品。过低的石墨价格不利于我国石墨资源的开发和对下游企业的稳定供应，因此，对石墨进行有序开发，保障石墨价格处于合理区间十分重要。
4
全球石墨贸易的整体特征
全球石墨净进口国以日本、美国、德国、印度、马来西亚、加拿大、韩国等为主；全球石墨净出口国以中国、巴西和墨西哥等少数国家为主。其中，中国、巴西等发展中国家主要出口初级产品，日本、美国等发达国家则主要出口深加工石墨产品。美国、日本及欧洲发达国家均很少开采其国内的天然石墨资源或是国内石墨资源稀缺，其石墨需求主要依赖进口。
中国是全球石墨第一大出口国，在全球石墨出口市场占据大部分市场份额，2016年全球天然石墨出口，中国出口量高居第一位，此外，朝鲜、巴西、美国和德国等国家也有一定数量的出口，但考虑到这些国家没有石墨矿山生产，其出口应是进口原料进一步加工后的产品二次出口。
全球石墨贸易的整体特征为需求方相对分散、供应方高度集中。目前，全球形成以中国、巴西和墨西哥等少数国家为供应方，以日本、美国、德国、印度、马来西亚、加拿大、韩国等国为需求方的全球天然石墨贸易格局。
From 31.54 trillion yuan to 2019, the total value of China's trade in goods reached such a record, and China is expected to remain the world's largest trading country in goods. Globally, the 3.4% growth rate of imports and exports performs well in the current foreign trade environment. From the domestic point of view, the scale of imports and exports by the quarter also drew a beautiful line up.
This year, the world's largest trade in goods imports and exports of what? How much of it ends up in shoppers' shopping carts? How will imports and exports affect people's lives in the future?
Look at the imported good life "loaded" shopping cart
As the lunar New Year approaches, a mall in Beijing's chaoyang district is more popular than usual. The first floor of the mall temporarily set up a "One Belt And One Road" commodity market, attracting many young and old to come to watch. Crowded into the crowd, there are preserved fruit in southeast Asia, Japan and South Korea dried fruit snacks, kazakhstan's hand-woven fabrics, and different countries and regions of crystal, pearl and other jewelry...... Are the Chinese people's favorite Spring Festival goods.
Whether online or offline, imported "foreign goods" are increasingly becoming an important role in the Chinese New Year shopping cart. What will China import in 2019? Good things that add to the good life of Chinese families.
-- enjoy delicious food all over the world. Cherries, avocados, lobsters, king crabs... At present, these popular products are just a corner of the hot imported food market. According to the 2019 report on China's imported food industry, China has 185 sources of imported food, the retail market size of imported food has exceeded one trillion yuan, and the import volume of water and seafood products, meat and dairy products has exceeded ten billion us dollars. The growth momentum is still strong, with imports of fruits, water and seafood rising by 39.8% and 37.6% respectively in 2019. Meat is also in high demand, with imports of 2.108 million tons of pork last year, up 75%. Beef imports totaled 1.659 million tons, up 59.7 percent.
-- enjoy quality technology. High-tech, innovative products have increasingly become the "dark horse" in the import pattern. As for the first three quarters of 2019, li kuiwen, director of the statistical analysis department of the general administration of customs, said China's imports of high-tech products reached 3.26 trillion yuan, up 14.8 percent, better supporting domestic innovation and development. Look at the whole year, in the electric vehicle, consumer goods are obvious. In 2019, the import of electric passenger cars increased by 1.2 times, the import of consumer goods increased by 19 percent, and the import of cosmetics increased by 38.8 percent.
-- imports boost people's livelihood. At the end of 2019, the drug import port in zhengzhou, henan province, was officially approved, adding another functional port to the province. More imported drugs will reach patients in need with faster aging and lower prices. Imported medicines, medical insurance and some raw materials are tarime-free, opening a "green channel" for the import of a large number of products related to people's livelihood. In 2019, imports of human vaccines rose by nearly 90 percent and imports of pharmaceuticals by 25.8 percent.
"Last year, we successfully held the second China import expo, which lowered the VAT rate on imports, abolished some import duties on pharmaceuticals, and actively expanded the import of consumer goods, thus enriching the domestic supply of goods and better meeting people's growing need for a better life." Zou zhiwu, deputy director of the general administration of customs, said China's huge consumer market has played a very big role in driving the growth of imports of consumer goods.
See export international competitive advantage is climbing slope
As the potential of the domestic market is gradually released, the import trend is considerable, and as the transformation and upgrading of Chinese enterprises accelerate, the export also presents a new bright spot.
In terms of quantity, the export value was 17.23 trillion yuan, up 5% and expanding continuously. In terms of quality, the international competitive advantage has been significantly improved. "In 2019, China's export commodity price index rose by 2.8%, the import commodity price index rose by 1.4%, and the terms-of-trade index rose by 101.4, indicating that we can exchange the same amount of goods for more goods. From this point of view, our competitive advantage is further improved." "Said zou.
There are many other aspects to this competitive advantage
Global market share is bigger. As an important Christmas goods collection market, the end of the Christmas, zhejiang yiwu small commodity market again a fire. According to customs statistics, China exported 35.73 billion yuan worth of Christmas goods in the first 11 months of 2019, up 32.6 percent year-on-year. In the past three years, the proportion of China's exports of Christmas products in global exports has remained at about 80%.
Seemingly insignificant commodities behind the accumulation of foreign trade energy. According to the latest WTO data, China's market share of mechanical and electrical products and labor-intensive products increased by 0.2 and 0.9 percentage points respectively in the first nine months of 2019.
The added value of the product is higher. In China's current export pattern, it is not only traditional products such as toys and garments, but also some products with high added value. Last year, for example, China's exports of integrated circuits grew by 25.3 percent, semiconductor devices by 26.3 percent, solar cells by 47.5 percent (3.650, -0.04, -1.08 percent), and metalworking machine tools by nearly 15 percent.
Behind the export success, is a group of enterprises to seize innovation and quality. A few months ago, a solar cell made by a new energy technology company in dezhou, shandong province, received the most stringent European TUV certification in the international photovoltaic industry. "Getting this certification is like getting a passport to the European market," says the head of the company. In the first three quarters, our exports to Europe grew by more than 50 per cent year-on-year."
The effect of independent brand is more obvious. With the improvement of technology and craft, many Chinese enterprises are also exploring their own brand in the international market. The person in charge of a food enterprise introduced to the reporter, in the past, the company produced a large number of products for OEM (OEM production), compared with the upstream brand end of low added value. But in fact, after years of experience, the company has mastered the necessary production technology and process. "In recent years, the company has been focusing on building its own export brand, which is also an important step to strengthen its foreign trade strength."
Many Chinese enterprises have made efforts in the same direction. According to Chinese customs data, export brand building has achieved remarkable results. Last year, the export of self-owned brand goods reached 2.9 trillion yuan, up 12%, accounting for nearly 17% of the total export value, up 1.1 percentage points from 2018.
Look at the trend of the environment complex but more positive factors
Looking back at 2019, China's imports and exports are doing well. However, the external environment for the development of foreign trade in this year was not optimistic. Coupled with the continued slowdown in world economic growth, risks and challenges at home and abroad rose significantly. How can foreign trade maintain steady progress?
-- the domestic economy was stable. The basic trend of steady and long-term improvement of the Chinese economy remains unchanged. Judging from the economic data for the whole year, the main indicators remained stable, and the GDP of the whole year continued to grow at a relatively fast pace, significantly faster than that of other major economies in the world. Zou said that the solid material and technological foundation accumulated since the reform and opening up, the huge market advantages and the potential of domestic demand, and the stable performance of the domestic economy have laid a solid foundation for the growth of foreign trade.
-- the economy is resilient. The strong resilience, potential and room for maneuver of the Chinese economy also exist in the field of foreign trade. China has a large number of foreign trade enterprises. Last year, there were 499,000 foreign trade enterprises with actual import and export activities. In 2019, private enterprises became the largest foreign trade entity for the first time, surpassing foreign enterprises, with exports accounting for more than 50 percent. At the same time, trading partners spread across the globe and blossomed in many places. In 2019, China's imports and exports to countries along the One Belt And One Road belt and emerging markets in Africa and Latin America increased by 10.8 percent, 6.8 percent and 8 percent, respectively.
-- the policy has had obvious effects. Since 2018, China has introduced a series of policies and measures to stabilize foreign trade and foreign investment. Since January 1 this year, China has again imposed temporary import duties on more than 850 items of goods, an increase of more than 20 percent over the same period last year. Based on the calculation of China's import commodity structure in 2018, relevant institutions found that 77% of the commodities were reduced by 1-5 percentage points, and more than 180 kinds of products achieved zero tariff. Therefore, domestic and foreign enterprises have more opportunities for industrial cooperation.
As for the situation of foreign trade in 2020, many institutions have put forward an early warning: the world economy continues to slow down, is still in a period of deep adjustment after the international financial crisis, global economic uncertainties and risks and challenges are obviously on the increase, and the external environment for foreign trade development is still severe and complex. However, the domestic supply-side structural reform, the implementation of the "six stability" policy, the improvement of the business environment, the vitality of market players and many other benefits have also brought confidence to the market. "It is expected that China's foreign trade will continue to maintain an overall steady growth trend in 2020, and high-quality development will reach a new level." "Said zou.
voice
The performance of China's foreign trade in 2019 is excellent. From a vertical perspective, on the basis of the high base of 2018, the scale of import and export in 2019 reached a new high, and it is not easy to achieve continuous structural optimization. To put it in perspective, in the context of the global economic downturn and sluggish demand, China's export growth rate is higher than that of the world's major economies as a whole, which fully demonstrates the resilience of China's strong foreign trade. China's private enterprises account for more than half of China's total exports, so our exports will be more stable and we will have a stronger foundation for high-quality development.
-- liang Ming, director of foreign trade research institute, ministry of commerce
In 2019, the actual new increase in the import, export and import of private enterprises is greater than the actual new increase in the import, export and import of the whole country. The actual new increase in the national foreign trade in 2019 is mainly brought by the growth of private enterprises. In 2019, the trade surplus of private enterprises increased by 0.67 trillion yuan year on year. It can be said that it is precisely because of the large growth of the trade surplus of private enterprises that China has provided important support for maintaining the growth of China's trade surplus and made a positive contribution to stabilizing the growth of total market demand.
Starting from April 2019, IWORKU will launch global trade trend analysis for different products, aiming to help exporters keep abreast of the latest trade trends and competitive environment and gain insight into business opportunities.
You are welcome to submit your comments to the countries/regions you are concerned about. We will choose one of them for in-depth analysis in the next issue.
Data are collected from official channels such as China customs and commercial databases such as Shanghai tengdao information. All articles are original works of IWORKU.
1
Global production and distribution of graphite resources
Graphite has not only the general properties of nonmetallic minerals, but also some characteristics of metals and organic plastics. At the same time, it is an indispensable strategic resource in the development of modern industry, military industry and high-tech industry.
The product has a customs code of 250,410, meaning Natural graphite in powder or in flakes. There are three classifications under which are natural graphite (25041010) for phosphorus sheet, nodular graphite (25041091) and other natural graphite for powder or powder sheet (25041099).
(classification and number of graphite customs)
(U.S. geological survey 2015 statistics:
Graphite reserves and production in the world's major graphite producing countries
Although graphite resources are widely distributed, there are not many deposits with industrial utilization scale. Several countries with high reserves of crystalline graphite resources are: China, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Brazil, Canada, Russia, etc., among which Sri Lanka is rich in high-grade dense lump graphite, while Madagascar is rich in large scale graphite. Countries with abundant reserves of cryptocrystalline graphite include India, South Korea, north Korea, Mexico and Austria. Only one kind of graphite is produced in most countries, and most of the deposits are medium and small in size. Only five countries, including China, produce both crystalline and cryptocrystalline graphite.
2
Global graphite import and export status
In 2018, the global total of graphite imports reached more than 660,000 tons, and the total trade volume reached us $622 million, with the trade volume increasing by 34% year-on-year in 2017 and 7% year-on-year in 14-18 years.
(major global graphite importer in 2018)
In 2018, the top five major importers of graphite in terms of import volume were Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany and China. Japan, the world's largest importer of graphite and a major consumer of the mineral, topped the list with imports of 78,307 tons, $127 million and a 43% increase over the previous 17 years. Although China ranked fifth, its total import volume was the largest among the top five, reaching 108,222 tons with a unit import price of $512 / ton (Japan and the republic of Korea ranked the top two at $1,633 / ton and $1,392 / ton respectively).
(list of top 10 importers in the United States in 2018 source: tengdao customs database)
(distribution of countries with growth of global graphite import trade in 2018)
According to the data, China, South Korea, Japan and India were among the countries that saw significant growth in global graphite imports in 2018.
(major global graphite exporter in 2018)
In 2018, the global graphite export trade volume reached 560 million, with major exporters including China, the DPRK, Brazil, Germany and the United States. China is the world's largest exporter of graphite, accounting for most of the market share in the global graphite export market, with an annual growth rate of 32%, accounting for 61.9% of the global market. The United States and Germany and other countries also have a certain amount of exports, but considering that these countries do not have the production of graphite mines, their exports should be imported raw materials after further processing of the product secondary exports.
3
China's graphite import and export trade status
China is rich in graphite resources, and both crystalline graphite and cryptocrystalline graphite are distributed throughout the country. At present, four development bases of crystalline graphite have been formed in luobei, jixi, pingdu, shandong and xinghe, Inner Mongolia, and two bases of cryptocrystalline graphite, including jilin rock and lutang, hunan. In addition, in recent years, our country a la shan in Inner Mongolia, the sound 4, panzhihua, sichuan, hubei yichang, discovered the crystalline graphite mine, have been found in fujian yongan aphanitic graphite mine, among them, sichuan panzhihua graphite mine near panxi produce high-tech industrial park, the introduction of the development of Chinese building materials group, is expected to become the new graphite production and processing base in the future.
(China's graphite import trading partner in 2018)
(China's graphite export trading partner in 2018)
The present resource situation of graphite in China is generally good. Graphite supply has been relatively stable over the past decade. In terms of import and export, the overall import price has decreased, while the export price has continued to rise. In the past decade, both primary and advanced graphite processed products have made some progress.
China is not only a large country of graphite resources, but also a large consumption of graphite resources, graphite processing technology is rapidly improving. The high price of graphite is not conducive to the development of downstream enterprises, and graphite itself has substitutes, downstream enterprises turn to use substitutes when the price of graphite is too high. The low price of graphite is not conducive to the development of graphite resources in China and the stable supply to downstream enterprises. Therefore, it is very important to carry out orderly development of graphite and ensure the price of graphite to be within a reasonable range.
4
Overall characteristics of the global graphite trade
The global net importers of graphite are mainly Japan, the United States, Germany, India, Malaysia, Canada and South Korea. The world's net graphite exporters are mainly a few countries such as China, Brazil and Mexico. Among them, China, Brazil and other developing countries mainly export primary products, while Japan, the United States and other developed countries mainly export highly processed graphite products. The United States, Japan and developed countries in Europe seldom exploit their natural graphite resources or the domestic graphite resources are scarce, and their graphite demand is mainly dependent on imports.
China is the world the first big exporter, graphite graphite export market to occupy most of the market share in the whole world, the 2016 global natural graphite exports, China exports ranked first, in addition, north Korea, Brazil, the United States and Germany and other countries also have a certain amount of export, but given the country without graphite mine production, its exports should be further processed products imported raw materials exports.
The global graphite trade is characterized by relatively dispersed demand and highly concentrated supply. At present, the global natural graphite trade pattern is formed with a few countries such as China, Brazil and Mexico as the suppliers and Japan, the United States, Germany, India, Malaysia, Canada and South Korea as the demand side.